"Physics Formulas List"

*Object*	*Axis*	*Moment of Inertia*
*Disk*	*Axis parallel to disc, passing through the center*	*MR²/2*
*Disk*	*Axis passing through the center and perpendicular to disc*	*MR²/2*
*Thin Rod*	*Axis perpendicular to the Rod and passing through center*	*ML²/12*
*Solid Sphere*	*Axis passing through the center*	*2MR²/5*
*Solid Shell*	*Axis passing through the center*	*2MR²/3*

Newtonian Gravity
Here are some important physics formulas related to Newtonian Gravity:
Newton's Law of universal Gravitation:

F_g =

Gm₁m₂
r²

where

Formula for escape velocity (v_esc) = (2GM / R)^1/2where,

Projectile Motion
Here are two important physics formulas related to projectile motion:
(v = velocity of particle, v₀ = initial velocity, g is acceleration due to gravity, θ is angle of projection, h is maximum height and l is the range of the projectile.)

Maximum height of projectile (h) =

v₀ ²sin²θ
2g

Horizontal range of projectile (l) = v₀ ²sin 2θ / g

Simple Pendulum
The physics formula for the period of a simple pendulum (T) = 2π √(l/g)where

Conical Pendulum
The Period of a conical pendulum (T) = 2π √(lcosθ/g)
where

Physics Formulas: Electricity
Here are some physics formulas related to electricity.
Resistance
The physics formulas for equivalent resistance in case of parallel and series combination are as follows:
Resistances R₁, R₂, R₃ in series:

R_eq = R₁ + R₂ + R₃

Resistances R₁, R₂, R₃ in parallel:

R_eq =

R₁R₂R3
R₁ + R₂ + R₃

Ohm's Law
Ohm's law gives a relation between the voltage applied an current flowing across a solid conductor:

V (Voltage) = I (Current) x R (Resistance)

Power
In case of a closed electrical circuit with applied voltage V and resistance R, through which current I is flowing,

Power (P) =

V²
R

= I²R. . . (because V = IR, Ohm's Law)

Kirchoff's Voltage Law
For every loop in an electrical circuit:

Σ_iV_i = 0
where V_i are all the voltages applied across the circuit.

Kirchoff's Current Law
At every node of an electrical circuit:

Σ_iI_i = 0
where I_i are all the currents flowing towards or away from the node in the circuit.

Physics Formulas: Electromagnetism
Here are some of the basic physics formulas from electromagnetism.
The coulombic force between two charges at rest is

(F) =

q₁q₂
4πε₀r²

Here,

Lorentz Force
The Lorentz force is the force exerted by an electric and/or magnetic field on a charged particle.

(Lorentz Force) F = q (E + v x B)
where

Physics Formulas for Relativistic Mechanics

Lorentz Transformations
Lorentz transformations can be perceived as rotations in four dimensional space. Just as rotations in 3D space mixes the space coordinates, a Lorentz transformation mixes time and space coordinates. Consider two, three dimensional frames of reference S(x,y,z) and S'(x',y',z') coinciding with each other.

Now consider that frame S' starts moving with a constant velocity v with respect to S frame. In relativistic mechanics, time is relative! So the time coordinate for the S' frame will be t' while that for S frame will be t.

Consider

γ =

1
√(1 - v²/c²)

.
The coordinate transformations between the two frames are known as Lorentz transformations and are given as follows:

Lorentz Transformations of Space and Time

x = γ (x' + vt') and x' = γ (x - vt)

y = y'

z= z'

t = γ(t' + vx'/c²) and t' = γ(t - vx/c²)

Relativistic Velocity Transformations
In the same two frames S and S', the transformations for velocity components will be as follows (Here (U_x, U_y, U_z) and (U_x', U_y', U_z') are the velocity components in S and S' frames respectively):

U_x = (U_x' + v) / (1 + U_x'v / c²)

U_y = (U_y') / γ(1 + U_x'v / c²)

U_z = (U_z') / γ(1 + U_x'v / c²) and

U_x' = (U_x - v) / (1 - U_xv / c²)

U_y' = (U_y) / γ(1 - U_xv / c²)

U_z' = (U_z) / γ(1 - U_xv / c²)

Physics Formulas for Momentum and Energy Transformations in Relativistic Mechanics

Consider the same two frames (S, S') as in case of Lorentz coordinate transformations above. S' is moving at a velocity 'v' along the x-axis. Here again γis the Lorentz factor. In S frame (P_x, P_y, P_z) and in S' frame (P_x', P_y', P_z') are momentum components. Now we consider physics formulas for momentum and energy transformations for a particle, between these two reference frames in relativistic regime.

Component wise Momentum Transformations and Energy Transformations
P_x = γ(P_x' + vE' / c²)

P_y = P_y'

P_z = P_z'

E = γ(E' + vP_x)

and

P_x' = γ(P_x - vE' / c²)

P_y' = P_y

P_z' = P_z

E' = γ(E - vP_x)

Physical Formulas for Quantities in Relativistic Dynamics
All the known quantities in classical mechanics get modified, when we switch over to relativistic mechanics which is based on the special theory of relativity. Here are formulas of quantities in relativistic dynamics.

Relativistic momentum p = γm₀v
where m₀ is the rest mass of the particle.

Rest mass energy E = m₀c²

Total Energy (Relativistic) E = √(p²c² + m₀²c⁴))

Optics Physics Formulas
Optics is one of the oldest branches of physics. There are many important optics physics formulas, which we need frequently in solving physics problems. Here are some of the important and frequently needed optics formulas.

Snell's Law:

Sin i
Sin r

n₂
n₁

v₁
v₂

Gauss Lens Formula:

1/u + 1/v = 1/f
where

Bragg's Law of Diffraction:

2a Sin θ = nλ
where

Newton's Rings Formulas
Here are the important physics formulas for Newton's rings experiment which illustrates diffraction.

n^th Dark ring formula: r²_n = nRλ

n^th Bright ring formula: r²_n = (n + ½) Rλ

where

Quantum Physics Formulas
Quantum physics is one of the most interesting branches of physics, which describes atoms and molecules, as well as atomic sub-structure. Here are some of the formulas related to the very basics of quantum physics, that you may require frequently.

De Broglie Wave
De Broglie Wavelength:

λ =

h
p

where, λ- De Broglie Wavelength, h � Planck's Constant, p is momentum of the particle.

Planck Relation
The plank relation gives the connection between energy and frequency of of an electromagnetic wave:

E = hv =

hω
2π

where h is Planck's Constant, v the frequency of radiation and ω = 2πv

Uncertainty Principle
Uncertainty principle is the bedrock on which quantum mechanics is based. It exposes the inherent limitation that nature imposes on how precisely a physical quantity can be measured. Uncertainty relation holds between any two non-commuting variables. Two of the special uncertainty relations are given below.

Position-Momentum Uncertainty
What the position-momentum uncertainty relation says is, you cannot predict where a particle is and how fast it is moving, both, with arbitrary accuracy. The more precise you are about the position, more uncertain will you be about the particle's momentum and vice versa. The mathematical statement of this relation is given as follows:

Δx.Δp ≥

h
2π

where Δx is the uncertainty in position and Δp is the uncertainty in momentum.

Energy-Time Uncertainty
This is an uncertainty relation between energy and time. This relation gives rise to some astounding results like, creation of virtual particles for arbitrarily short periods of time! It is mathematically stated as follows:

ΔE.Δt ≥

h
2π

where ΔE is the uncertainty in energy and Δt is the uncertainty in time.

This concludes my review of some of the important physics formulas. This physics formulas list, is only representative and is by no means anywhere near complete. Physics is the basis of all sciences and therefore its domain extends over all science.

Regards:-

OM SAI RAM JI

NEHA.......Sweet girl...

Tecare ur self......

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